What cells produce CXCL9?

CXCL9, -10, -11 are mainly secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cells in response to IFN-γ, which are synergistically enhanced by TNF-alpha. [9, 10] CXCR3 is a receptor preferentially expressed on the surface of monocytes, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and cancer cells.

Is VEGF a chemokine?

Here, we provide evidence that VEGF promotes endothelial cell chemokine production in vitro and in vivo and functions in the recruitment of monocytes and T cells into allografts. VEGF is thus an important proinflammatory cytokine in transplant rejection.

Is IFN a chemokine?

Monokine-induced by IFN-gamma (MIG), IFN-gamma-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), are chemokines that bind CXCR3 and mediate the chemotaxis of leukocytes.

What is MIP3A?

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC) or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP3A) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils.

Is VEGF a cytokine?

VEGF is a potent proangiogenic cytokine that is highly expressed in many angiogenesis-dependent diseases. Since its first detection in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 22,24 –26 VEGF has been recognized as one of the primary factors driving retinal neovascularization and macular edema.

Is vascular endothelial growth factor A cytokine?

VEGF-A is a multifunctional cytokine that is widely expressed by tumor cells and that acts through receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and neuropilin) that are expressed on vascular endothelium and on some other cells. Recently, VEGF-A has also been shown to induce lymphangiogenesis.

Is IFN a cytokine or chemokine?

Interferons are a type of cytokine released by host cells in response to pathogens (e.g. viruses and bacteria) and tumour cells. They are grouped according to their complementary receptor.

What is the difference between cytokines and interleukins?

The main difference between cytokines and interleukins is that the cytokines are small proteins involved in cell signaling whereas the interleukins are a group of cytokines that regulate the immune and inflammatory responses.

Where is CXCL13 found?

CXCL13 is constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid tissue (Cyster et al., 2000) primarily by follicular dendritic cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer’s patches (Cyster et al., 2000), whereas CXCR5 is highly expressed in mature B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of follicular B helper T cells (Tfh) …

Which immune cells produce interferon gamma?

Interferon-gamma is secreted predominantly by activated lymphocytes such as CD4 T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cells (23–26), γδ T cells (27–33), and natural killer (NK) cells (34, 35) and, to a less extent, by natural killer T cells (NKT), B cells (36–39), and professional antigen-presenting cells ( …